Sri Venkateswara University Syllabus
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Sri Venkateswara University Syllabus
M.Sc., Geology Syllabus (Semester: I)
Crystallogralphy
And Mineralogy
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Unit : I
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Elements of crystallography – Derivation of the 32 crystal classes,
Hermann – Maugin symbols, Twinning in crystals, X – ray crystallography.
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Unit:II
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General principles of optics; Refringence – Biregringence, pleochroism,
Extinctions and measurements of extinction angles, optical ellipsoids (a)
Fresnel’s ellipsoid and (b) Fletchers indicatrix, optic axial angle and optic
sign, Interference figures – Uniaxial and Biaxial figures, and optic
anomalies.
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Unit : III
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Structure of silicates, Isomorphism and polymorphism , Structure,
Chemistry, physical and optical characters and paragenesis of the following
mineral groups; Olivine, pyroxene, Amphibole, Mica
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Unit: IV
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Structure, chemistry, physical and optical characters and paragenesis
of the following mineral groups; Quartz, Feldspars, Feldspathoids, Aluminium
silicates, Granet. and Epidote. Study of the following minerals: Beryl,
Apatite, Sphene, Tourmaline, Talk and Spinel.
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Sedimentology
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Unit : I
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Introduction – Scope of Sedimentology. Processes of weathering –
Surface processing and Rock weathering. Source of sediments.
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Unit:II
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Classification of Clastic and Non-clastic rocks, Clastic rocks –
Rudaceous rocks, Arenaceous rocks, Argillaceous rocks Non-clastic rocks –
Chemical deposits and Organic deposits. Dolomites and dolomitisation.
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Unit : III
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Sedimentary textures: Grain size, Grain shape and Grain fabric
Sedimentary structures: Ripples, Dunes and Cross bedding, Graded beds and
Sole structures.
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Unit: IV
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Classification of sedimentary environments. Non-marine
environments-Glacial, Eolian, Lacustrine and Fluvial environemtns Marine:
Shelf and Deep sea sediments.
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Geomorphology
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Unit : I
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Volcanoes & Volcanism – Nature and Origin of volcanoes – Products
of volcanism eruptive styles and associated land form. Volcanic Hazards and
mitigation. Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior. Causes, occurrence and effects
of Earthquakes. Earth’s interior according to seismic theory.
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Unit: II
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Mass wasting – Factors influencing mass wasting, types of mass
movements – Recognizing and minimizing the effects of mass wasting. Plate
tectonics – theory of plate tectonics – nature and origin of ocean floor,
origin and shaping of continents
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Unit : III
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Geological action and resulting forms of Glaciers, wind and
groundwater
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Unit: IV
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Geological action resulting landforms of River. Drainage patterns –
Morphometric analysis and interpretations
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M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology(Semester: I)
Structure And
Functions Of Biomolecules
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Unit - I:
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Carbohydrates
- Chemistry of
carbohydrates - Definition and classification of carbohydrates.
- Outlines of
structures and properties of important mono- (Glucose & Fructose), di-
- (Lactose,
Sucrose, Maltose) and polysaccharides (Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin).
- Physical and
Chemical reactions of carbohydrates
- Analysis of
carbohydrates- Qualitative and Quantitative
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Unit - II
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Amino acids and Proteins
- Chemistry of
amino acids and proteins - Classification of amino acids, Structures of amino
acids, Chemical reactions of amino acids.
- Peptide bond -
Nature of peptide bond, pi/φ rotation. Ramachandran plot, Secondary structure
predictions, helices and beta-sheets, Determination of primary structure.
- Proteins and
their classification, properties of proteins, determination of amino acid
sequences (N and C terminus) Tertiary/quaternary structure of proteins
(myoglobin/ hemoglobin model).
- Structural
organization of proteins - Outline structures and biological functions.
- Protein folding
and significance
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Unit - III:
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Lipids
- Chemistry of
lipids - Classification of lipids, Properties of lipids,
- Outline
structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, fats and waxes,
- Phospholipids,
glycolipids, cholesterol, prostaglandins, leukotrienes. Lipids as Signaling
molecules.
- Structure and
functions of, heterocyclic molecules, porphyrins and vitamins.
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Unit - IV
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Nucleic acids
- Chemistry of
nucleic acids - Structure of purines and pyrimidines, modified bases
nucleosides and nucleotides;
- Properties of
nitrogen bases and nucleotides
- Structure,
variation and properties of DNA and RNA.
- DNA denaturation
and renaturation kinetics, Determination of DNA complexity, Hyperchromacity,
Tm, cot curves and their significance.
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Analytical
Tools And Techniques
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Unit - I:
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Cell and its components analysis
- Isolation
techniques - Cell disruption techniques - sonication, french press,
enzymatic, non-enzymatic techniques.
- Isolation of
proteins - salting in/out, ammonium sulphate fractionation. Nucleic acids -
polar solvents precipitation. Lipids - extraction by differential solubility.
- Concentration of
macromolecules flash evaporation, lyophilization, pressure dialysis, reverse
dialysis, hollow fiber membrane filters and reverse osmosis.
- Microscopic
studies (principles and applications): Light, compound, phase contrast,
confocal and SEM
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Unit - II
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Separation techniques
- Adsorption
chromatography - principles, counter current distribution and its
significance, Adsorption materials - paper, silica gel, cellulose acetate,
affinity chromatography, merits and demerits –Instrumentation -TLC, GLC,
HPLC.
- Size- Filtration,
Dialysis, principles and applications-molecular sieve chromatography
principle. Determination of void volume, extension co-efficient and molecular
mass of native molecules. Density- Centrifugation technique - density
gradient - sucrose, cesium chloride, Determination of sedimentation
co-efficient, Molecular mass.
- Charge- Ion
exchange chromatography – Matrices - Principles of separation of charged
molecules. Chromatography separations
- Electrophoresis -
principles governing the movement of charged molecules in the electric field.
Relationship of voltage, current and the mobility of biomolecules. Matrices
used in electrophoresis - starch, cellulose acetate, agarose, polyacrylamide.
Use of PAGE for separation of proteins, molecular mass determination.
Immunoelctrophoresis, Separation of nucleic acids using agarose gel
electrophoresis. Blotting techniques - western, southern and northern
blotting techniques.
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Unit - III:
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Spectroscopy
- Characterization
of biomolecules by Spectroscopy - Electromagnetic spectrum of light, simple
theory of absorption of light by molecules, Beer-Lambert law, Types of
detectors.
- UV-visible
spectrophotometry, infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, fluorescence Spectroscopy,
flame photometry, atomic absorption, plasma emission, mass, ESR and NMR
spectrophotometry.
- Optical rotatory
dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD)
- X-ray diffraction
and X-ray crystallography
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Unit - IV
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Radiobiology
- Radioisotope
tracer techniques - Nature and types of radioactivity, half life, decay units,
Preparation of labeled biological compounds,
- Detection and
measurement of radioactivity (GM counter, scintillation counter), quench
correction, Autoradiography.
- Labeling of
carbohydrates (C14 acetate), proteins (S35 methionine, I125 aminoacid) and
nucleic acids (P32 dATP).
- Biological uses
of radioisotopes, Isotope dilution techniques, Safety measures in handling
radio-isotopes
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Cell Biology
And Genetics
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Unit - I:
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Cell and Cell membrane
composition
- Organization of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrance - Molecular organization,
current model and function, Cytoskelaton - microtubules, cilia and flagella,
Structure and function of cytoskeleton.
- Structure and
function of endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
- Structure and
function of lysosomes, peroxisomes,
- Structure and
function of mitochondria and chloroplast.
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Unit - II
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Nucleus and Chromosome
organization
- Nucleus -
structure and function of nuclear membrane, nucleolus.
- Eukaryotic
chromosome and its high resolution organization,
- DNA-histone
interactions - formation of chromatin fibers - Hetero/Eu chromatin -
structural transition - Histone-H1-significance in regulation of expression.
- Polytene and lamp
brush chromosomes.
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Unit - III:
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Cell division and chromosomal
variations
- Mechanism of cell
division - mitiotic apparatus, cytokinesis, chromosome movement - present
concept –
- Regulation of
eukaryotic cell cycle - Over view of cell cycle. Mutation causing cell cycle
control. Meiotic process - stages, chromosome pairing, chiasma formation
- Molecular
mechanisms of recombination, synaptonemal complex. Nondysjunction,
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- euploidy, haploidy - their fundamental and practical significance.
Polypliody - induction - Aneuploidy - type and genetic significance.
- Tumor biology -
cell to cell interaction, cell adhesion, cell transformation mechanism and
oncogenesis.
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Unit - IV
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Principles of genetics
- Mendelian
genetics, Linkage and gene mapping,
- Quantitative
genetics and problems, Hardy Weinberg Law, Sex chromosomes and sex
determination. Inbreeding,
- Mutagenesis -
Types of mutations, mutagens, Molecular mechanisms of mutations, Spontaneous,
induced mutations, reversion, suppression, and analysis of mutants
- Role of
mutagenesis in evolution, chromosomal deletions, duplications, inversions.
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Microbiology
And Diseases
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Unit - I:
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Introduction to Microbiology
- Discovering the microbial
world. Classification of micro organisms up to order level - bacteria, algae,
fungi, protozoa.
- Structure of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. General and distinctive
characteristics of the major groups of microorganism bacteria, mycoplasma,
chalmidae, rickettsias, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa Prions and
viruses.
- Isolation,
cultivation and enumeration of microorganisms - direct and indirect methods,
Maintenance of culture.
- Outlines of
characterization and identification of common bacteria, fungi, algae and
protozoa.
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Unit - II
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Microbial nutrition, growth
and regulation
- Nutritional
requirements to microorganisms - Mode of nutrition - phototrophy, chemotrophy
- methylotrophy organotrophy, mixotrophy, saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic,
Interaction of microbes.
- Growth of
microorganism (bacteria) - normal and biphasic growth curve, batch and
continuous cultures, chemostats, shift up and shift down. Growth
determination, Microbial metabolism - energy yielding and energy requiring
processes.
- Control of
microorganisms - principles, physical and chemical agents, Assay of
antimicrobial action. Batch and continuous sterilization of media and air.
Viruses - nature, cultivation and assay methods, structure, physico-chemical
properties, classification, pathogenicity, Replication of viruses.
- Microbes of
biotechnological importance - examples of bacteria, yeast, algae and viruses.
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Unit - III:
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Microbial Genetics
- Chemical nature
of gene, Concept of gene, operon, mosaic genes/split genes.
- Plasmids
incompatibility. Classification: copy number, control and its significance. Structure
and functions of insertion elements (IS) - transposable elements. Mechanism of
transposition. Catabolic transposons and their significance.
- Horizontal
transfer of genome among the microbial community - transformation, conjugation
transduction - generalized transduction, specialized transduction – cotransduction.
- Benzer’s
classical studies on II locus. Cistron complementation - Elucidation of
colinearity between DNA and protein sequence. Genetics of viruses –
bacteriophage, lambda, SV 40, retroviral genome (HIV), replication, lytic and
lysogenic cascades.
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Unit - IV
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Diseases caused by
microorganisms
- Viral diseases:
Flu, Dengue fever, Hepatitis,
- Bacterial
diseases: Cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax,
- Fungal diseases:
Athlets foot, Dutch Elm disease, ergotism
- Protozoa diseases
(Protista): Malaria, Sleeping sickness, dysentery
- And Plant
Pathogens: TMV, Rust
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